Optics

Classical geometrical and wave optics: light propagation, lenses, mirrors, and interferometry.

General idea of the topic

This node integrates geometrical optics and physical optics to explain image formation, light propagation at interfaces and the phase phenomena that determine interference and diffraction.

It connects ray models with wave models, identifying when each approximation is valid and how both converge in the design of real optical systems.

What you will truly understand

• How rays, phase and wave structure connect within a single physical narrative.
• When to use paraxial models and when the wave limit appears.
• How to move from fundamental equations to experimental and technological interpretation.

Recommended learning route

1. Geometrical optics: reflection, refraction, mirrors, lenses and instruments.
2. Physical optics: interference, diffraction, polarization and coherence.
3. Final integration: resolution limits and design of real systems.

Physical criterion you must acquire

Solve with coherent signs, units and domain of validity, avoiding mixing incompatible models.

Connection with real problems

Camera design, optical fiber, interferometric metrology, microscopy, astronomy and photonic sensors.

Final goal of the topic

Analyze and solve optics problems with formal basis, physical interpretation and experimental criterion.